Non-contact support for cylindrical machining

ABSTRACT

A support for supporting a work piece to be machined is provided. The support is for use in a machine adapted to receive fluid from a fluid source. The machine includes a tool for removing material from the work piece. The support includes a body defining a chamber therein and an inlet operably associated with said body. The inlet is in communication with the chamber. The inlet is adapted for communication with the fluid source. The support also includes an outlet operably associated with the body and in communication with the chamber. The outlet is adapted to provide a stream of fluid for supporting the work piece.

[0001] The present invention relates to machining of cylindrical parts.More specifically, the invention relates to a process and apparatus formachining long slender shafts.

[0002] Cross-reference is made to the following application filedconcurrently herewith: U.S. application Ser. No. (D/98431), entitled“Grinding Wheel With Geometrical Pattern”, by Timothy R. Jaskowiak etal.

[0003] Components for machines and mechanical apparatuses are typicallymachined to obtain precision tolerances and accurate surface conditions.Machining of the precision surfaces are typically machined by presentinga cutting tool or a grinding wheel against the precision surface.

[0004] During machining common precision parts include cylindricalparts. Cylindrical parts or workpieces are rotated about centers foundat the ends thereof or supported on the periphery of the workpiece.Cylindrical parts which are relatively soft, having a hardness ofRockwell “C” scale (R_(C)) of 40 or less and which have medium tolerancerequirements, for example ±0.002 inches in diameter tolerance, aretypically turned on a turning machine with a cutting tool.

[0005] A lathe, for example, a numerically controlled lathe, istypically used to manufacture this type of workpiece. The workpiece maybe rotated about its centers by pressing in with centers on the latheor, preferably, a portion of the outer periphery of the workpiece isclamped to provide sufficient torque required for the turning process.

[0006] More accurate or precision machining, i.e. for parts requiring atolerance of less than ±0.002 inches and/or for grinding materialshaving a hardness greater than, for example, 40 R_(C) is typicallyperformed on a grinding machine utilizing a grinding wheel. Grinding ofprecision workpieces is accomplished by rotating the workpiecesimultaneously with rotating a cylindrical grinding wheel in contactwith the outer periphery of the workpiece. The workpiece is typicallyrotated about centers found at the end of the workpiece on a machinecalled a center-type grinder or may be supported on the periphery of theworkpiece by a regulating wheel and a rest blade. Such peripheralsupport for a workpiece is performed on centerless-type grinders.

[0007] Long slender shafts requiring precision surfaces that may requirea turning or a grinding to be performed thereon are used extensively inmachines that pass a substrate through the machine. The long slendershafts are utilized to guide and direct the paper substrate through themachine and/or for performing operations on the substrate. For example,copying machines and printing machines have large substrates in the formtypically of paper. The substrate may be in the form of a roll of paperor in the form of cut sheets.

[0008] Long shafts and, in particular, long, slender shafts such asthose made from durable materials such as steel, deflect under thegrinding or cutting of the workpiece. The deflection of the shaftsaffects the quality of the shafts and the precision requirementsrequired for such shafts may be very difficult to obtain.

[0009] Attempts have been made to improve the quality of long thinshafts, which are turned or ground by reducing the deflection of theshaft during machining. The most common tool utilized in reducing thedeflection of long thin workpieces is a work support or steady rest. Thepart deflection due to the force of the grinding wheel or cutting toolor simply due to the mass or weight of the workpiece is counteracted bythe support from the steady rest. A further function of the steady restis to prevent workpiece vibration and thereby to eliminate or reducechatter.

[0010] An understanding of the use of steady rest is more thoroughlydescribed in Modern Grinding Technology by Salmon, the relevant portionsthereof incorporated herein by reference.

[0011] Referring now to FIG. 8, a prior art mechanically contactingsteady rest is shown in FIG. 8. The standard steady rest is typically a2 or 3 point contact tool that holds the part rigidly in place. Forexample, the steady rest 1 includes three fingers 2 which includecontact points 3 which are equally spaced about roll 4. The fingers 3are in contact with periphery 5 of the roll 4 and serve to support theroll 4 as it rotates about longitudinal axis 6. The work support 1 issecured to machine base 7.

[0012] In the well-known process of electrophotographic printing, acharge retentive surface, typically known as a photoreceptor, iselectrostatically charged, and then exposed to a light pattern of anoriginal image to selectively discharge the surface in accordancetherewith. The resulting pattern of charged and discharged areas on thephotoreceptor form an electrostatic charge pattern, known as a latentimage, conforming to the original image. The latent image is developedby contacting it with a finely divided electrostatically attractablepowder known as “toner.” Toner is held on the image areas by theelectrostatic charge on the photoreceptor surface.

[0013] Thus, a toner image is produced in conformity with a light imageof the original being reproduced. The toner image may then betransferred to a substrate or support member (e.g., paper), and theimage affixed thereto to form a permanent record of the image to bereproduced. Subsequent to development, excess toner left on the chargeretentive surface is cleaned from the surface. The process is useful forlight lens copying from an original or printing electronically generatedor stored originals such as with a raster output scanner (ROS), where acharged surface may be imagewise discharged in a variety of ways.

[0014] While shafts in electrophotographic printing for guidingsubstrates require accurate tolerances and may be long and slender,exasperating the accurate tolerance problems, the difficultiesencountered in providing accurate donor rolls for scavengelessdevelopment systems is particularly acute.

[0015] In a scavengeless development system, toner is detached from thedonor roll by applying AC electric field to self-spaced electrodestructures, commonly in the form of wires positioned in the nip betweena donor roll and photoreceptor in the case of hybrid scavengelessdevelopment or by applying the AC electrical field directly to the donorroll in the case of hybrid jumping development. This forms a tonerpowder cloud in the nip and the latent image attracts toner from thepowder cloud thereto. Because there is no physical contact between thedevelopment apparatus and the photoreceptor, scavengeless development isuseful for devices in which different types of toner are supplied ontothe same photoreceptor such as in “tri-level”; “recharge, expose anddevelop”; “highlight”; or “image on image” color xerography.

[0016] Since hybrid scavengeless development relies on a continuous,steady toner powder cloud at the nip between the latent image and thedonor roller, the speeds at which the rollers operate are significantlyhigher and the accuracy requirements are much more precise.

[0017] The purpose and function of scavengeless development aredescribed more fully in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,600 to Hays etal., U.S. Pat. No. 4,984,019 to Folkins, U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,367 toHays, or U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,875 to Folkins et al. U.S. Pat. No.4,868,600 is incorporated herein by reference.

[0018] For proper operation of a donor roll in a hybrid scavengelessdevelopment, the diameter tolerance, runout and surface finishrequirements of the donor roll are very critical and require veryprecise dimensions. Furthermore, donor rolls typically have a longlength and a small diameter. For example, donor rolls may have a lengthof, for example, 18 to 24 inches and a diameter from 1 to 1½ inches.When machining donor rolls with such a length to diameter ratio of 20 to1 or greater, the rolls tend to deflect during the machining process. Tocomplicate the situation, donor rolls may be made of a hard ceramicmaterial which is difficult to machine. Because of the high tolerancesand hard material, the donor rolls are often ground rather than turned.The grinding forces are typically higher than turning forces, thuscausing the deflection during machining to increase.

[0019] Attempts have been made to reduce the deflection of rolls duringthe machining process. For example, mechanical supports are fixedlypositioned underneath the roll during the machining process. These typesof supports come in two particular designs. The support may be in theform of a steady rest which is fixedly positioned with respect to theroll and in the form of a follower rest which is mounted to themachining tool slide and moves with the material removal tool.

[0020] Mechanically contacting steady rests and follower rests haveseveral problems. Mechanical steady rests consist of three equallyspaced contact points against the roll as it is machined. Since thecontact points typically in the form of pads or rollers are fixedly set,the contact points must be set to, for example, the unmachineddimensions and during the machining the contact points separate from thenow-machined dimensions permitting the roll to deflect slightly underthe machining forces.

[0021] The mechanically contacting steady rests and follower rests mustbe readjusted for each particular roll size that is to be machined onthe machine. The contact points must be adjusted to contact theworkpiece so that any change in the part diameter of a workpiecerequires a changeover to the mechanical work support or steady restsetup. Furthermore, the setups are very difficult because selecting theoptimum work, support setting related a work piece which part size ischanging during the machining process is a trial and error process.

[0022] Furthermore, the mechanical contact work support tends to bebulky and may interfere with the position in which in process gaugefingers should otherwise be placed.

[0023] Also, when utilizing a mechanical follower rest, the installationof gauge fingers at the follower rest is very difficult.

[0024] Addition problems occur when machining ceramic materialsutilizing a mechanical work support. The ceramic material is hard andvery abrasive. When a material that is very hard is utilized at thecontact points of the work support, the work support tends to burnish orwear the outer surface of the ceramic roll. When used for donor rolls,the electrical properties of the outer surface of the ceramic roll areadversely affected by a burnishing process, particularly if foreignmaterial from the work rest is embedded into the roll. Furthermore, theburnishing may affect the size and the finish of the ceramic material.

[0025] When, alternatively, a soft material is utilized to support theceramic roll, the support tends to wear excessively and loses itseffectiveness by no longer totally supporting the roll. Furthermore, ifa soft material is used for the work support, the outer surface of thework support becomes embedded into the ceramic material, furtherdeteriorating the electrical properties of the ceramic roll.

[0026] Furthermore, the use of a mechanical steady rest makesadjustments for the proper fitting of the steady rest particularlyduring the machining process very difficult.

[0027] When utilizing a steady rest, the setup of the steady rest isvery difficult in that not only the fit of the steady rest to theworkpiece needs to be adjusted, but also the position of the mechanicalsteady rest needs to be adjusted. A series of steady rests may in factbe required to adequately support the part. Furthermore, the steady restonly serves to reduce chatter when the tool is positioned opposed to thesupport.

[0028] The following disclosures may be relevant to various aspects ofthe present invention:

[0029] U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,210

[0030] Patentee: Sharer

[0031] Issue Date: Jun. 186, 1996

[0032] U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,599

[0033] Patentee: Lessway

[0034] Issue Date: Feb. 15, 1994

[0035] U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,782

[0036] Patentee: Clough, et al.

[0037] Issue Date: May 23, 1989

[0038] U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,149

[0039] Patentee: Kelsey

[0040] Issue Date: Dec. 29, 1987

[0041] U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,332

[0042] Patentee: Smith

[0043] Issue Date: Dec. 15, 1987

[0044] U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,054

[0045] Patentee: Tsujiuchi et al.

[0046] Issue Date: Dec. 8, 1987

[0047] U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,892

[0048] Patentee: Smith

[0049] Issue Date: May 12, 1987

[0050] U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,681

[0051] Patentee: Owsen

[0052] Issue Date: Oct. 15, 1985

[0053] U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,639

[0054] Patentee: Lessway

[0055] Issue Date: Aug. 23, 1983

[0056] U.S. Pat. No. 4,276,723

[0057] Patentee: Fournier

[0058] Issue Date: Jul. 7, 1981

[0059] The relevant portions of the foregoing disclosures may be brieflysummarized as follows:

[0060] U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,210 discloses a dynamic steady restparticularly adapted for use in supporting a rotating workpiece during agrinding operation. The steady rest includes a lever assembly pivotallymounted on a base and having a workpiece support arm and a counterweightarm. Weights are adjustably secured to the counterweight arm and biasthe support arm upwardly and into supporting engagement with therotating workpiece. The steady rest further includes two dashpotspivotally secured between the base and the support arm to dampen themotion of the support arm.

[0061] U.S. Pat. No. 5,285,599 discloses a centering and supportingapparatus is disclosed for use as a true centering steady rest forrotatably supporting a cylindrical workpiece during a machining orgrinding operation. The apparatus has an internal centerline adjustmentmechanism for adjusting the steady rest so as to support the workpieceat its dynamic working centerline. At least one, or a pair of supportarms are slidably mounted on an operator body in a housing. The one orpair of support arms each carries a side workpiece contact member, andthe operator body carries a center workpiece contact member, and eachworkpiece contact member is engagable with the perimeter of theworkpiece. The operator body is moved by a stroking means to urge thecenter workpiece to support a workpiece. The support arms are urged tosupport the workpiece by the action of cam followers carried by thesupport arms, and which cam followers are each engaged with a cammingcontour disposed in a guide plate that is displaceable within thehousing by the internal centerline adjustment mechanism. The internalcenterline adjustment mechanism allows either one or a pair of guideplates to be shifted within the steady rest to accommodate any deviationwhich the dynamic working centerline imposes from the static centerlineoriginally established prior to a machining or grinding operation.

[0062] U.S. Pat. No. 4,831,782 discloses an improved grinding apparatusincludes a base upon which a headstock is mounted. A carriage is movablealong ways disposed on the base. A wheel slide on the carriage rotatablysupports a grinding wheel. A first mounting plate extends beneath afirst footstock and a first set of steady rests to a location adjacentto a headstock. While a workpiece is being ground, a second set ofsteady rests and a second footstock are mounted on a second mountingplate. When the grinding operation has been completed, the firstmounting plate is disconnected from the base and removed from thegrinding apparatus with the first set of steady rests and footstock. Thesecond mounting plate with the second set of steady rests and footstockaccurately positioned thereon are then inserted into the grindingapparatus.

[0063] U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,149 discloses a flow valve seat grindingapparatus incorporating an improved steady rest means. Includes atubular drive shaft housing which houses and supports a rotatable andlongitudinally movable drive shaft means. Drive shaft is connectedthrough a flexible torque coupler to drive a valve seat grinding head.Grinding head is adapted to grind a valve seat located within a valvebody. Includes adjustable anchor operable to laterally extend at leastthree anchor members into fixed anchoring contact with a sidewall of avalve body to laterally support the shaft housing in fixed positionwithin the valve body.

[0064] U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,332 discloses a centerless grinding systemcomprises a driven grinding wheel, a driven regulating wheel, and a workrest blade for centerless grinding of a workpiece supported by the workrest blade between the grinding wheel and the regulating wheel; meansfor determining the rate of reduction of the workpiece radius while itis being ground; and means responsive to the rate of reduction of theworkpiece radius for controlling the ratio of the power consumed inremoving workpiece material to the rate of removal of workpiece materialby the grinding wheel. The regulating wheel is preferably fed toward thegrinding wheel to feed the workpiece into the grinding wheel. In asimilar center-type grinding system, the workpiece is mounted onspindles or chucks which are movable toward the grinding wheel so thatthe workpiece can still be fed by the regulating wheel. Workpieceslonger than the axial dimension of the grinding wheel are ground insuccessive plunges along the length of the workpiece, with the depthbeing controlled in each successive plunge. To grind hollow workpieces,the regulating wheel or grinding wheel is placed inside the hollowworkpiece.

[0065] U.S. Pat. No. 4,711,054 discloses in a numerical control grindingmachine using a grinding wheel made of cubic boron nitride, acomputerized numerical controller controls the infeed movement of awheel head to effect a rough grinding and a first fine grinding on arotating cylindrical workpiece by the grinding wheel and to halt thefirst fine grinding in response to a sizing signal from a sizing devicewhich measures the diameter of the workpiece being ground. At the haltof the first fine grinding, the numerical controller advances rest jawsto press the workpiece upon the grinding wheel until another sizingsignal is issued from the sizing device. Until the number of theworkpieces ground after each truing operation reaches a predeterminednumber, the numerical controller increase the infeed rate of thegrinding wheel in each of the rough and first fine grindings toward adesired infeed rate on a step-by-step basis. Further, the numericalcontroller diminishes a set size which determines the time point toissue the first-mentioned sizing signal from the sizing device, toward adesired set size on a step-by-step basis with the increases in number ofthe workpiece ground after each truing.

[0066] U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,892 discloses a method of grinding aworkpiece which is susceptible to deflection and/or deformation whengrinding is carried out by relatively infeeding a grinding wheel to keepthe wheel face and work surface in relative rubbing contact at aninterface region, the method comprising continuously determining theforce exerted by the wheel on the workpiece at the interface region asgrinding conditions change, continuously applying to the workpiece atleast one counterbalance force which in equivalent effect is opposite insense to the determined force, and variably controlling thecounterbalancing force to maintain its effective magnitude equal to themagnitude of the determined force.

[0067] U.S. Pat. No. 4,546,681 discloses a steady rest for alternativelysupporting the internal and external surfaces of a tubular workpieceduring a machining operation. Each outer end of a plurality of movablefingers includes first and second workpiece contact devices such asrollers. The second contact device is offset from the longitudinal axisof the finger so that it may engage the inner periphery of theworkpiece. The opposite inner ends of the outer fingers ride in slotshaving opposing arcuate cam surfaces. One cam surface provides backupsupport for its finger when externally contacting the workpiece whilethe other cam surface insures stability when its finger is contactingthe inner periphery of the workpiece.

[0068] U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,639 discloses a true centering steady restfor rotatably supporting an elongated cylindrical workpiece for a metalworking operation on the outer diameter of the workpiece, such as agrinding operation. The steady rest includes a housing in which isslidably mounted a pusher arm carrying a workpiece center wear pad. Apair of side arms is slidably mounted on said pusher arm. Each side armcarries a replaceable wear pad engageable with a workpiece at a point inthe range from 90°-140° from the center wear pad. The center and sidewear pads are moved into operative engagement with a workpiece when thepusher arm is moved toward the workpiece, and they are disengaged fromthe workpiece when the pusher arm is moved away from the workpiece.

[0069] U.S. Pat. No. 4,276,723 discloses a steady rest for supporting aworkpiece to be ground comprising three contact shoes which aresimultaneously movable toward and away from a workpiece centerline sothat workpieces of varying diameter can be supported and maintained on afixed centerline of rotation. The top contact shoe is mounted forpivotal movement to a position clear of the work area to facilitateloading and unloading of the workpiece. A hydraulic operator is providedfor pivoting the upper contact shoe between the operative position,engaging a workpiece, and the load-unload position. A second hydraulicoperator is provided which through appropriate mechanical wedges movesupper contact shoe and the two lower non-pivoting contact shoessimultaneously toward or away from a workpiece.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0070] According to the present invention, there is provided a supportfor supporting a work piece to be machined. The support is for use in amachine adapted to receive fluid from a fluid source. The machineincludes a tool for removing material from the work piece. The supportincludes a body defining a chamber therein and an inlet operablyassociated with the body. The inlet is in communication with thechamber. The inlet is adapted for communication with the fluid source.The support also includes an outlet operably associated with the bodyand in communication with the chamber. The outlet is adapted to providea stream of fluid for supporting the work piece.

[0071] According to the present invention there is further provided amethod for machining the cylindrical periphery of cylindrical workpieces. The method includes the steps of providing a machine forremoving material from a work piece, placing the work piece in operatingposition within the machine, placing a support in a spaced apartrelationship to the work piece, providing a fluid source in fluidcommunication with a fluid flow device, advancing the fluid within thefluid source with the fluid flow device toward the support, advancingthe tool toward the work piece, flowing fluid from the support onto thework piece, machining material from the work piece with the tool, andproviding a fluid force from the fluid flowing onto the work piece tooppose a tool force from the tool so that the deflection of the workpiece by the tool is reduced.

[0072] According to the present invention there is further provided aroll made by the process of providing a machine for removing materialfrom a work piece, placing the work piece in operating position withinthe machine, placing a support in a spaced apart relationship to thework piece, providing a fluid source in fluid communication with a fluidflow device, advancing the fluid within the fluid source with the fluidflow device toward the support, advancing the tool toward the workpiece, flowing fluid from the support onto the work piece, machiningmaterial from the work piece with the tool, and providing a fluid forcefrom the fluid flowing onto the work piece to oppose a tool force fromthe tool so that the deflection of the work piece by the tool isreduced.

[0073] According to the present invention there is further provided agrinding machine for use in grinding a work piece. The grinding machineincludes a frame and a grinding wheel rotatably mounted to the body. Thegrinding machine further includes a motor for rotating the grindingwheel and an apparatus operably associated with the body for rotatablysupporting the work piece in a spaced apart relationship with respect tothe apparatus.

IN THE DRAWINGS

[0074]FIG. 1 is a perspective schematic partial view of a non-contactsupport installed on a grinding machine for cylindrical grindingaccording to the present invention;

[0075]FIG. 2 is a sectional view along the line 6-6 in the direction ofthe arrows of the support of FIG. 1;

[0076]FIG. 3 is a plan view of the body of the FIG. 1 support;

[0077]FIG. 4 is a plan view of a side plate for the support of FIG. 1;

[0078]FIG. 5 is an end view of the FIG. 6 side plate;

[0079]FIG. 6 is a plan view of a nozzle for the support of FIG. 1;

[0080]FIG. 7 is an end view of the FIG. 8 nozzle;

[0081]FIG. 8 is a schematic partial view of a prior art supportinstalled on a grinding machine; and

[0082]FIG. 9 is a schematic elevational view of an illustrativeelectrophotographic printing machine incorporating a roll ground on agrinding machine utilizing the non-contact support of the presentinvention therein.

[0083] While the present invention will be described in connection witha preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood that it is notintended to limit the invention to that embodiment. On the contrary, itis intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents asmay be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as definedby the appended claims.

[0084] Inasmuch as the art of electrophotographic printing is wellknown, the various processing stations employed in the FIG. 9 printingmachine will be shown hereinafter schematically and their operationdescribed briefly with reference thereto.

[0085] Referring initially to FIG. 9, there is shown an illustrativeelectrophotographic printing machine incorporating a roll machinedutilizing the non-contact support of the present invention of thepresent invention therein. The printing machine incorporates aphotoreceptor 10 in the form of a belt having a photoconductive surfacelayer 12 on an electroconductive substrate 14. Preferably, the surface12 is made from a selenium alloy or a suitable photosensitive organiccompound. The substrate 14 is preferably made from a polyester film suchas Mylar® (a trademark of duPont (UK) Ltd.) which has been coated with athin layer of aluminum alloy which is electrically grounded. The belt isdriven by means of motor 24 along a path defined by rollers 18, 20 and22, the direction of movement being counter-clockwise as viewed and asshown by arrow 16. Initially a portion of the belt 10 passes through acharge station A at which a corona generator 26 charges surface 12 to arelatively high, substantially uniform, electrical potential. A highvoltage power supply 28 is coupled to device 26.

[0086] Next, the charged portion of photoconductive surface 12 isadvanced through exposure station B. At exposure station B, the ROS 34lays out the image in a series of horizontal scan lines with each linehaving a specified number of pixels per inch. The ROS includes a laserand a rotating polygon mirror block associated therewith. The ROSexposes the charged photoconductive surface of the printer.

[0087] After the electrostatic latent image has been recorded onphotoconductive surface 12, the motion of the belt 10 advances thelatent image to development station C as shown in FIG. 4. At developmentstation C, a development system 38, develops the latent image recordedon the photoconductive surface. The chamber in developer housing 44stores a supply of developer material 47. The developer material 47 maybe, as shown in FIG. 4, a two component developer material of at leastmagnetic carrier granules 48 having toner particles 50 adheringtriboelectrically thereto. It should be appreciated that the developermaterial may likewise comprise a one component developer materialconsisting primarily of toner particles. Preferably the developmentsystem is a hybrid scavangeless development system. In a scavengelessdevelopment system, toner is detached from a donor roll0 by applying ACelectric field to self-spaced electrode structures (not shown), commonlyin the form of wires positioned in the nip between the donor roll 80 andthe photoreceptor belt 10 in the case of hybrid scavengeless developmentor by applying the AC electrical field directly to the donor roll 80 inthe case of hybrid jumping development. This forms a toner powder cloudin the nip and the latent image attracts toner particles 50 from thepowder cloud thereto.

[0088] Again referring to FIG. 9, after the electrostatic latent imagehas been developed, the motion of the belt 10 advances the developedimage to transfer station D, at which a copy sheet 54 is advanced byroll 52 and guides 56 into contact with the developed image on belt 10.A corona generator 58 is used to spray ions on to the back of the sheetso as to attract the toner image from belt 10 to the sheet. As the beltturns around roller 18, the sheet is stripped therefrom with the tonerimage thereon.

[0089] After transfer, the sheet is advanced by a conveyor (not shown)to fusing station E. Fusing station E includes a heated fuser roller 64and a back-up roller 66. The sheet passes between fuser roller 64 andback-up roller 66 with the toner powder image contacting fuser roller64. In this way, the toner powder image is permanently affixed to thesheet. After fusing, the sheet advances through chute 70 to catch tray72 for subsequent removal from the printing machine by the operator.

[0090] After the sheet is separated from photoconductive surface 12 ofbelt 10, the residual developer material adhering to photoconductivesurface 12 is removed therefrom at cleaning station F by a rotatablymounted fibrous brush 74 in contact with photoconductive surface 12.Subsequent to cleaning, a discharge lamp (not shown) floodsphotoconductive surface 12 with light to dissipate any residualelectrostatic charge remaining thereon prior to the charging thereof forthe next successive imaging cycle.

[0091] It is believed that the foregoing description is sufficient forpurposes of the present application to illustrate the general operationof an electrophotographic printing machine incorporating the developmentapparatus of the present invention therein.

[0092] According to present invention and referring again to FIG. 9, thedonor roll 80 which is ground on a grinding machine utilizing thenon-contact support of the present invention is shown. The donor roll 80is electrically biased to separate toner particles 50 from the carriergranules 48 of the developer material within the developer housing 44.The donor roll 80 is electrically biased and in cooperation with thedevelopmental electrodes (not shown) serves to form a powder cloud innip 82 between the donor roll 80 and the surface 12 of thephotoconductive valve 10. The donor roll 80 is made to exactingtolerances and may be made of a material difficult to machine, forexample, a ceramic material. It should be appreciated that while thedonor roll 80 is a exemplary workpiece to be machined utilizing thenon-contact support of the present invention, any workpiece whichdeflects during the machining process may benefit from the use of thepresent invention herein.

[0093] Referring now to FIG. 1, support 100 according to the presentinvention, is shown installed in machine 102. The machine 102 may be anymachine tool capable of removing material from a cylindrical workpiece.Typically the machine 102 is in the form of a lathe, for example, a CNClathe, or in the form of a grinding machine. As shown in FIG. 1, themachine 102 is a grinding machine. When the machine 102 is a grindingmachine, it may be either a center-type or a centerless grinder. Asshown in FIG. 1, the machine 102 is a center-type grinder.

[0094] The support 100 is utilized to support a workpiece, for example,roll 80.

[0095] The roll 80 is supported in the grinding machine 102 by aheadstock 104 and a tailstock 106. Centers 108 extend outwardly from theheadstock 104 and the tailstock 106 and engage with chamfers 110 locatedon first end 112 and second end 114 of the workpiece 80. A headstockmotor 116 is used to rotate the headstock 104, which in turn rotates theworkpiece 80 in the direction of arrow 118.

[0096] The machine 102 includes a tool 120 for removing material fromthe roll 80. As shown in FIG. 1, the tool 120 is in the form of agrinding wheel. As shown in FIG. 1, the grinding wheel 120 has agenerally cylindrical shape and includes an outer periphery 122, whichcontacts outer periphery 124 of the roll 80. It should be appreciated,however, that the tool 120 may be any tool capable of removing materialfrom a workpiece. For example, the tool 120 may be in the form of a highspeed steel or carbide cutting tool.

[0097] The grinding wheel 120 is preferably mounted to a wheelhead 126by an arbor 128 secured to the wheel 120. The arbor 128 rotates aboutbearings 130 located in the wheelhead 126. The arbor 128 is rotated by awheelhead motor 132 connected to the wheelhead 126. The wheelhead 126 isadapted to move in the direction of arrow 134 thereby advancing thegrinding wheel 120 into contact with periphery 124 of the roll 80.

[0098] While the tool 120 may have a wheel width WW that is similar tothe length L of the roll 80, preferably, the tool 120 has a width WWwhich is significantly less than the length L of the roll 80. Since thewidth of the wheel 120 is less than the length of the workpiece 80, thewheelhead 126 preferably moves in the direction of arrows 136 and 138.

[0099] According to the present invention, the support 100 is adaptedfor use in the machine 102 and is adapted to received fluid 140 from afluid source 142. The support 100 may have any suitable shape andconfiguration capable of transmitting the fluid 120 toward the periphery124 of the roll 182 support the roll 80. The support 100 includes a body144 that defines a chamber 146 within the body 144. The support 100further includes an inlet 148 that is operably associated with the body144. The inlet 148 is in communication with the chamber 146. The inlet148 is adapted for communication with the fluid source 142. The support100 also includes an outlet 150. The outlet 150 is operably associatedwith the body 144 and is in communication with the chamber 146. Theoutlet 150 is adapted to provide a stream 152 of fluid 140 forsupporting the workpiece or roll 80. Stream 152 of fluid 140 from theoutlet 150 provides a force in the direction of arrow 154 in a directionopposed to a force in the direction of arrow 134 caused by the grindingof the roll 80 by the tool 120.

[0100] While the invention may be practiced with a support 100 includingonly a solitary outlet providing a stream in the direction of arrow 154,preferably, the support 100 includes additional outlets to assist instabilizing the roll 80 and to provide additional coolant to thegrinding of the roll by the grinding wheel 120. For example, as shown inFIG. 1, the support 100 may further include, in addition to first outlet150, a second outlet 156 positioned vertically above the roll 80, aswell as a third outlet 158 positioned vertically below the roll 80.

[0101] While it should be appreciated that the first outlet 150, thesecond outlet 156, and the third outlet 158 may all be interconnectedby, for example, the chamber 146 to inlet 148, preferably, each of thefirst outlet 150, the second outlet 156, and the third outlet 158 areeach associated with a separate inlet. For example, the first outlet 150is operably connected to first inlet 148. Second outlet 156 is similarlyoperably connected to second inlet 160 and third outlet 158 is operablyconnected to third inlet 162.

[0102] The fluid 140 utilized in the support 100 of the presentinvention, may be any fluid either in the form of a liquid or a gas thatprovides a non-contact support to the workpiece 80. For example, thefluid 140 may be a liquid, for example water or oil, or may be in theform of a gas, for example a compressed gas or compressed air. Forsimplicity, the fluid 140 may be in the form of a coolant utilized tocool the grinding wheel 120. For example, the fluid 140 may be a cuttingoil or a water based grinding wheel coolant. Typically, the fluid 140 isin the form of a water based grinding wheel coolant.

[0103] The fluid 140 may be delivered to the support 140 through aseries of conduits 164. The conduits 164 may include a main conduit 166that is connected to the fluid source 142. The main conduit 164 is, asshown in FIG. 1, also connected to first conduit 168, second conduit 170and third conduit 172.

[0104] The fluid source 142 may be any suitable fluid source capable ofproviding a fluid flow to the support 100. Typically the fluid source142 is in the form of a fluid pump, for example a coolant pump. Forsimplicity, the coolant pump 142 may be the coolant pump that isutilized with the machine 102 for cooling the tool 120 and the workpiece80.

[0105] The coolant pump 142 may be of any configuration capable ofproviding sufficient fluid flow for the operation of the support 100according to the present invention. Applicants have found that a coolantpump capable of delivering 60 gallons per minute of coolant flow issufficient for providing support for the donor roll 80 as show in FIG.9.

[0106] Preferably, to balance the force of the flow from the fluidsource through the support 100 with the grinding wheel force from thegrinding wheel 120 upon the roll 80, preferably, the flow of fluid fromthe fluid source 142 is preferably controlled by a valve 174 in fluidcommunication with the inlet 148 for controlling the flow of fluidthrough the outlet 150. While a solitary first valve 174 may besufficient to control the flow of fluid from the fluid source 142 to thesupport 100, preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, when utilizing a pluralityof conduits and associated outlets, the support 100 utilizes, inaddition to first valve 174, a second valve 176 positioned in secondconduit 170 and a third valve 178 positioned in third conduit 172. Byproviding the first valve 174, the second valve 176 and the third valve178, the flow from the first outlet 150 as well as the second outlet 156and the third outlet 158 can be independently adjusted to provide foroptimum support of the roll 80.

[0107] The body 144 of the support 100 is mounted to the machine 102 byany suitable method. The body 144 may be mounted to frame 180 of themachine 102 to which the headstock 104 and tailstock 106 are mounted or,preferably, as shown in FIG. 1, the body 144 of the support 100 isfixedly mounted to wheelhead 126 by support bracket 182.

[0108] As shown in FIG. 1, since the body 144 of the support 100 isfixed to the wheelhead 126, the support 100 moves with the grindingwheel 120 in the directions of arrows 136 and 138. Thus the support 100provides support for the roll 80 at a position opposed to the grindingwheel 120 throughout the grinding process.

[0109] Alternatively, to further balance the support provided by thefluid source 142 with the grinding force from the grinding wheel 120,the support 100 may further include a feedback system 184. The feedbacksystem 184 is utilized to provide a closed loop control of the fluidflow provided by the fluid source 142. The feedback system 184 includesa sensor 186 operably associated with the machine 102 which, forexample, measures the force applied by the grinding wheel 120 onto theroll 80 as, for example, felt at the tailstock 106. The feedback system184 further includes a feedback system controller 190, which is operablyassociated with the support 100. The feedback system controller 190receives a signal 192 through conduit 188 from the sensor 186, which isindicative of the force supplied by the grinding wheel 120 onto the roll80. The controller 190 sends a signal 194 through conduit 196 to thefirst valve 174 indicative of the flow of fluid through the first outlet150 necessary to counteract the force applied by the grinding wheel 120onto the roll 80.

[0110] Referring now to FIG. 2, the support 100 is shown in greaterdetail. As shown in FIG. 2, the body 144 includes three apertures 200 inthe body 144 as well as opening 202 that form the chamber 146.

[0111] While the inlets and outlets associated with the body 144 mayhave any suitable form, preferably as shown in FIG. 2, the inlets 148,160, and 162 are integral with the body 144 and are defined by theapertures 200. The conduits 168, 170, and 172 may be secured to the body144 in any suitable fashion, for example by pipe threads (not shown).

[0112] The outlets 150, 156 and 158 may have any suitable form and may,for example, be integral with the body 144 or as shown in FIG. 2, be inthe form of nozzles. As shown in FIG. 2, the nozzles 150, 156 and 158are preferably slidably fitted to the body 144 in a direction parallelwith the longitudinal axis 204 of the roll 80. As shown in FIG. 2, thenozzles 150, 156 and 158 are secured to the body 144 by gibs 206 locatedon the outer periphery of the nozzles 150, 156 and 158, respectively.

[0113] Referring now to FIG. 3, the body 144 of the support 100 includesthe centrally located inlets 148, 160 and 162. Apertures 200 within thebody 144 define the inlets 148, 160 and 162.

[0114] Referring again to FIG. 2, the body 144, preferably closelyconforms with the roll 80 so as to assure that sufficient fluid remainsin communication with the roll during the machining of the roll. Theopening 202 formed in the body 144 thus preferably is defined by a bodydiameter BD which is concentric with axis 204 of the roll 80. Forexample, for a roll having a roll diameter RD of, for example 1.2inches, the body diameter BD is, for example 1.4 inches. By utilizingnozzles 150, 156 and 158 that are slidably insertable into the body 144,replaceable nozzles may be utilized for different diameter rolls. Itshould be appreciated that the body diameter BD becomes increasinglylarger than the roll diameter RD, roll diameters of smaller and largersize than the roll 80 may be accommodated by merely changing thethickness T of the outlets 150, 156 and 158.

[0115] To provide optimum force for a minimum flow of fluid through thesupport 100, preferably, the nozzles 150, 156 and 158 are positionedclosely to the roll 80. For example, the nozzles 150, 156 and 158 form anozzle diameter ND that is only slightly larger than the roll diameterRD. For example, for a roll diameter RD of 1.2 inches the nozzlediameter ND is approximately 1.3 inches.

[0116] Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, nozzle 148 is shown in greaterdetail. While nozzles 148, 156 and 158 may each be different from theother, preferably, for simplicity, the nozzles 156 and 158 arepreferably identical to nozzle 148. (See FIG. 2). While the inventionmay be practiced utilizing a support 100 with nozzles having a solitaryaperture associated with each nozzle, preferably, the nozzle 148includes a plurality of nozzle apertures 206.

[0117] By utilizing a plurality of apertures 206, the nozzle 148 may fora given flow rate be positioned more closely to the roll 80 therebyincreasing the force that the fluid applies to the roll 80. Further, byreducing the size of the apertures 206, the velocity of the fluidthrough the nozzle 148 may be increased thereby increasing the force ofthe nozzle 148.

[0118] While the invention may be practiced with any number of apertures206, applicants have found that a quantity of nine apertures per nozzleis sufficient for the operation. To support a ceramic roll 80 during thegrinding thereof, applicants have found that apertures 206 with adiameter AD of, for example 3.175 millimeters spaced approximately adistance NS of approximately 5 millimeters, to be sufficient to supportthe roll 80.

[0119] Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, an endplate 210 is shown forrestraining the sliding motion of the nozzles 148, 156 and 158. While itshould be appreciated that the nozzles 148, 156 and 158 may be securedto the body 144 in any suitable fashion, for example, by gluing orinterference fitting, for simplicity and for ease of changing thenozzles an endplate 210 is positioned on each of the two faces 212 ofthe body 144 (see FIG. 3).

[0120] The force provided by a flow of fluid against the roll may bedescribed utilizing Newton's Second Law as described in the followingequation:

F=p×Q×ΔV

[0121] where:

[0122] ρ=density of water

[0123] Q=volume flow rate, and

[0124] ΔV=the change in velocity of the fluid as it strikes the roll.

[0125] Q may be further defined by the following formula:

Q=a×V

[0126] where:

[0127] a=cross sectional area of the nozzle aperture

[0128] V=the velocity of the fluid

[0129] a may be further defined by the following formula:

a=ΠD ²/4

[0130] Where:

[0131] D=diameter of the nozzle

[0132] By utilizing the above equations, it can readily be seen that theforce required to overcome the grinding force may be accomplished byutilizing a fluid with a sufficient flow rate.

[0133] By providing a fluid supporting non-contact work supportburnishing marks on the workpiece are eliminated.

[0134] By providing a non-contact fluid steady rest, the possibility ofembedding material into the workpiece during support is eliminated.

[0135] By providing a non-contact work support that moves with thegrinding wheel, the work support force is applied only where needed.

[0136] By providing a non-contact fluid work support, setup time for thechangeovers for one workpiece to a different workpiece is reduced.

[0137] By providing a non-contact work support that closely conformswith the grinding wheel, improved cooling of the grinding wheel isaccomplished.

[0138] By providing for a non-contact work support, room is available atthe tool for use of an in-process gauge.

[0139] By providing a non-contact fluid work support, the workpiece isbetter supported providing for deeper cuts and faster feeds whichresults in reduced machining times.

[0140] By providing for a fluid work support with removable nozzles, avariety of workpieces can be supported with a common non-contact worksupport.

[0141] By providing a non-contact work support with a feedback controlsystem for optimizing the fluid flow upon the workpiece, deflection andchatter from the machining process may be reduced.

[0142] While this invention has been described in conjunction withvarious embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives,modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in theart. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives,modifications, and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scopeof the appended claims.

We claim:
 1. A support for supporting a work piece to be machined, saidsupport for use in a machine adapted to receive fluid from a fluidsource and including a tool for removing material from the work piece,said support comprising: a body defining a chamber therein; an inletoperably associated with said body and in communication with thechamber, said inlet adapted for communication with the fluid source; andan outlet operably associated with said body and in communication withthe chamber, said outlet adapted to provide a stream of fluid forsupporting the work piece.
 2. A support according to claim 1 , furthercomprising a plurality of inlets and a plurality of outlets, each ofsaid plurality of inlets in communication with one of said plurality ofoutlets.
 3. A support according to claim 1 , further comprising: asensor operably associated with the machine for measuring the forceapplied by the tool onto the work piece; a valve in fluid communicationwith the inlet for controlling the flow of fluid through the outlet; anda feedback system operably associated with the support for receiving asignal from the sensor indicative of the force applied by the tool ontothe work piece and sending a signal to the valve indicative of the flowof fluid through the outlet necessary to counteract the force applied bythe tool onto the work piece.
 4. A support according to claim 1 ,further comprising a valve in fluid communication with the inlet forcontrolling the flow of fluid through the outlet.
 5. A support accordingto claim 1 , wherein said body closely conforms with the work piece soas to assure that sufficient fluid remains in communication with theworkpiece during the machining of the work piece.
 6. A support accordingto claim 1 , wherein said outlet defines a plurality of aperturestherethrough.
 7. A support according to claim 1 , wherein at least oneof said inlet and said outlet is integral with said body.
 8. A supportaccording to claim 1 , wherein said outlet is slidably fitted to saidbody.
 9. A method for machining the cylindrical periphery of cylindricalwork pieces, comprising the steps of: providing a machine for removingmaterial from a work piece; placing the work piece in operating positionwithin the machine; placing a support in a spaced apart relationship tothe work piece; providing a fluid source in fluid communication with afluid flow device; advancing the fluid within the fluid source with thefluid flow device toward the support; advancing the tool toward theworkpiece; flowing fluid from the support onto the workpiece; machiningmaterial from the workpiece with the tool; providing a fluid force fromthe fluid flowing onto the work piece to oppose a tool force from thetool so that the deflection of the work piece by the tool is reduced.10. The method according to claim 9 , further comprising the step ofcontrolling the flow of fluid through the outlet with a valve.
 11. Themethod according to claim 10 , further comprising the steps of:measuring the force applied by the tool onto the work piece with asensor; and controlling the flow of fluid through the outlet byreceiving a signal from the sensor indicative of the force applied bythe tool onto the work piece and by sending a signal to the valveindicative of the flow of fluid through the outlet necessary tocounteract the force applied by the tool onto the work piece.
 12. A rollmade by the process of: providing a machine for removing material from awork piece; placing the work piece in operating position within themachine; placing a support in a spaced apart relationship to the workpiece; providing a fluid source in fluid communication with a fluid flowdevice; advancing the fluid within the fluid source with the fluid flowdevice toward the support; advancing the tool toward the workpiece;flowing fluid from the support onto the workpiece; machining materialfrom the workpiece with the tool; providing a fluid force from the fluidflowing onto the work piece to oppose a tool force from the tool so thatthe deflection of the work piece by the tool is reduced.
 13. The rollaccording to claim 12 , wherein the roll is made by a process furthercomprising the step of controlling the flow of fluid through the outletwith a valve.
 14. The roll according to claim 12 , wherein the roll ismade by a process further comprising the steps of: measuring the forceapplied by the tool onto the work piece with a sensor; and controllingthe flow of fluid through the outlet by receiving a signal from thesensor indicative of the force applied by the tool onto the work pieceand by sending a signal to the valve indicative of the flow of fluidthrough the outlet necessary to counteract the force applied by the toolonto the work piece.
 15. A grinding machine for use in grinding a workpiece, said grinding machine comprising: a frame; a grinding wheelrotatably mounted to said body; a motor for rotating the grinding wheel;and an apparatus operably associated with said body for rotatablysupporting the work piece in a spaced apart relationship with respect tosaid apparatus.
 16. The grinding machine of claim 15 , furthercomprising a fluid flow source for providing a flow of a fluid to theapparatus, the flow of the fluid supporting the work piece.
 17. Thegrinding machine of claim 16 , wherein said apparatus comprises: asupport having a body defining a chamber therein; an inlet operablyassociated with said body and in communication with the chamber, saidinlet adapted for communication with the fluid flow source; and anoutlet operably associated with said body and in communication with thechamber, said outlet adapted to provide a stream of fluid for supportingthe work piece.
 18. The grinding machine of claim 17 , furthercomprising: a sensor operably associated with the machine for measuringthe force applied by the wheel onto the work piece; a valve in fluidcommunication with the inlet for controlling the flow of fluid throughthe outlet; and a feedback system operably associated with the supportfor receiving a signal from the sensor indicative of the force appliedby the wheel onto the work piece and sending a signal to the valveindicative of the flow of fluid through the outlet necessary tocounteract the force applied by the wheel onto the work piece.
 19. Thegrinding machine of claim 16 , further comprising a valve in fluidcommunication with the fluid flow source for controlling the flow offluid onto the work piece.
 20. The grinding machine of claim 1 , whereinsaid apparatus closely conforms with the work piece so as to assure thatsufficient fluid remains in communication with the work piece during thegrinding of the work piece.